THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of
has a feeling of what energy is, it is difficult to give a precise definition
for it. Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.
The name
energy. Although everybodythermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) anddynamis
heat into power. Today the same name is broadly interpreted to include all
aspects of energy and energy transformations, including power generation,
refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter.
One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the
principle.
one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant. That is,
energy cannot be created or destroyed. A rock falling off a cliff, for example,
picks up speed as a result of its potential energy being converted to kinetic
energy (Fig. 1–1). The conservation of energy principle also forms the backbone
of the diet industry: A person who has a greater energy input (food)
than energy output (exercise) will gain weight (store energy in the form of
fat), and a person who has a smaller energy input than output will lose
weight (Fig. 1–2). The change in the energy content of a body or any other
system is equal to the difference between the energy input and the energy
output, and the energy balance is expressed as
The
of energy principle, and it asserts that
property. The
(power), which is most descriptive of the early efforts to convertconservation of energyIt simply states that during an interaction, energy can change fromEin Eout E.first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression of the conservationenergy is a thermodynamicsecond law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has qualityas well as
decreasing quality of energy. For example, a cup of hot coffee left on a table
eventually cools, but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot
by itself (Fig. 1–3). The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded
(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature) once it is transferred
to the surrounding air.
Although the principles of thermodynamics have been in existence since
the creation of the universe, thermodynamics did not emerge as a science
until the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in
England by Thomas Savery in 1697 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. These
engines were very slow and inefficient, but they opened the way for the
development of a new science.
The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously in
the 1850s, primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolph Clausius,
and Lord Kelvin (formerly William Thomson). The term
quantity, and actual processes occur in the direction ofthermodynamicswas first used in a publication by Lord Kelvin in 1849. The first
thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a professor
at the University of Glasgow.
It is well-known that a substance consists of a large number of particles
called
behavior of these particles. For example, the pressure of a gas in a container
is the result of momentum transfer between the molecules and the walls of
the container. However, one does not need to know the behavior of the gas
molecules. The properties of the substance naturally depend on theparticles to determine the pressure in the container. It would be sufficient to
attach a pressure gage to the container. This macroscopic approach to the
study of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the behavior
of individual particles is called
direct and easy way to the solution of engineering problems. A more elaborate
approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual
particles, is called
is rather involved and is used in this text only in the supporting role.
classical thermodynamics. It provides astatistical thermodynamics. This microscopic approach
